Introduction
Wet scrubbers are used in utilities, paper mills, and chemical plants to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other pollutants from gas streams. Undesirable pollutants are removed by contacting the gases with an aqueous solution or slurry containing a sorbent. The most common sorbents are lime, Ca(OH)2, and limestone, CaCO3. In limestone-gypsum flue gas desulfurization systems, the consumption of a desulfurization agent (lime) is controlled using online pH analyzers.
Limestone-gypsum flue gas desulfurization consists of two processes: absorption and oxidation.
Absorption Process
After fly ash removal, the flue gas is bubbled through the scrubber, and the slurry is added from above. The lime or limestone reacts with the SO2 in the flue gas to create insoluble calcium sulfite (CaSO3) as shown in the equations below.
Reaction formulas:
Limestone: CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + CO2(g)
Lime: Ca(OH)2(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + H2O(l)
A pH sensor in a recirculating tank is used to control feed of the solid lime or limestone. Neither lime nor limestone dissolves well in water and therefore, both are pumped in slurry form to the scrubber tower. In this process, it is important to promote the reaction of calcium (Ca) and to achieve a target desulfurization rate. The absorption rate is affected by the pH, concentration, temperature of liquid, and the liquid/gas ratio.
When the pH of the absorbing solution is below 5, calcium hydrogen sulfite (Ca(HSO3)2) is generated. Ca(HSO3)2 is converted into sulfur dioxide (SO2) in a reversible reaction, thereby reducing the desulfurization rate. When the pH of the absorbing solution is 7 or higher, carbon dioxide (CO2) in the flue gas reacts with calcium (Ca) to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This increases lime consumption. Since the pH has an influence on the subsequent oxidation process, the pH of the absorbing solution should be kept between 5 and 6.
Oxidation Process
Reaction formulas:
CaSO3(s) + 1⁄2 O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CaSO4・2(H2O)(s)
The calcium sulfite may be further reacted with oxygen by oxidation to produce gypsum. This is done normally under a pressure of approximately 500 kPa and a temperature of 50 to 80 °C. The pH of the absorbing solution in the absorber is approximately 6, and normally maintained at around 4.
Application Problems
The calcium compounds produced in scrubbers tend to accumulate in the recirculation loops and can cause a buildup of scale. Scale on the spray nozzles affects the atomization of the water droplets and reduces the scrubbing efficiency. The lime can cause scaling on the pH electrode which affect the pH measurement. To ensure accurate measurements, frequent cleaning of the electrodes with acid is required, which adds to both maintenance workload and cost. So having an accurate reliable pH control is necessary not only to control the lime and limestone feed, but also to forestall the start of scaling, as it is much easier to prevent scaling than to remove it.
Solution
One solution in the past was to install and auto cleaning installation that would save on maintenance time and expense, to help extended the life of the probe. However since the cation reference sensor, SC24V, was released in 2010 end users have changed out either existing Yokogawa product or competitors product and replaced it with the revolutionary differential pH/ORP sensor.
Since the cation sensor, SC24V, has NO junction, there is NO path from the process to the internal element; so NO poisoning can occur. Since there is NO junction, there is NO plugging or coating problems to worry about and there is NO electrolyte depletion problem, because there is NO electrolyte. The sensor virtually eliminates problems caused by aging and pollution of the liquid junction. Customers will have less maintenance time and longer sensor life.
Product Recommendations
| Transmitter | FLXA202/FLXA21 2-wire pH/ORP measurement system |
|---|---|
| FLXA402 4-wire pH/ORP measurement system | |
| Sensor | Option 1: Cation Reference Sensor SC24V with desired Holder (Retractable, Flow-Thru, Insertion); Any holder that accepts a PG13.5 connection |
| Option 2: PR10 Retractable with combination electrode; or PH87 Retractable assembly with the PH97/DP Sensor | |
| Option 3: FU20/FU24 pH/ORP Combination electrode | |
| Option 4: FF20 Flow-thru assembly with individual measure, reference and temperature electrodes with the automatic cleaning assembly, K1547PJ |
i.e. SC21C-AGC55 and SM60-T1; or SM21-ALP26 and SM60-T1
Iparágak
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Power
In the mid 1970s, Yokogawa entered the power business with the release of the EBS Electric Control System. Since then, Yokogawa has steadfastly continued with the development of our technologies and capabilities for providing the best services and solutions to our customers worldwide.
Yokogawa has operated the global power solutions network to play a more active role in the dynamic global power market. This has allowed closer teamwork within Yokogawa, bringing together our global resources and industry know-how. Yokogawa's power industry experts work together to bring each customer the solution that best suits their sophisticated requirements.
Kapcsolódó termékek és megoldások
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2-Wire Transmitter/Analyzer FLXA202
The FLEXA™ series analyzers are used for continuous on-line measurements in industrial installations. With an option for single or dual sensor measurement, they are the most flexible two-wire analyzer available.
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2-Wire Transmitter/Analyzer FLXA21
The FLEXA™ series analyzers are used for continuous on-line measurements in industrial installations. With an option for single or dual sensor measurement, they are the most flexible two-wire analyzer available.
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4-Wire pH/ORP Analyzer PH450
The PH450 pH and ORP analyzer is a multivariable analyzer that combines pH with temperature and ORP (Redox) measurement, which can be utilized through different output functions: two mA current outputs, four independent SPDT contact outputs and HART.
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All-in-One pH/ORP Sensor Series FU20 and FU24
The FU20 and FU24, all-in-one pH and ORP, sensors show how Yokogawa applies the motto "Simple is best" to sensor technology.
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Differential pH/ORP Sensors
The cation differential pH and ORP sensors were designed for difficult applications where conventional sensors are ineffective. These include measurements such as brine solutions to applications as diverse as electrolysis processes and cheese manufacturing.
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Flow/NPT Fittings FF20/FS20
Yokogawa has invested considerable design and development time in producing a full range of fittings with particular emphasis on designs that reduce installation and maintenance time and consequently save operation costs.
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Hot-Tap Holder PR10
On-line measurements often present extra challenges, especially when routine maintenance is required. The PR10 is ideally suitable for applications where the sensors must be removed without interrupting or shutting down the process. Without any special tools the PR10 can be retracted safely from the process at pressures up to 5 bar (72 psi). Using the PR10 allows us to place any dissolved oxygen sensor that has a PG13.5 connenction into a retractable assembly.
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Industrial pH/ORP Electrodes
The heart of a pH measuring loop is the electrode system. Yokogawa has designed a wide range of electrodes to ensure this heart keeps beating under the most severe conditions.
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Multi Channel 4-Wire Analyzer FLXA402
The FLEXA™ series analyzers are modular-designed analyzers used for continuous online measurements in industrial installations. They offer single or multi-sensor measurement.
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Personal Handheld Meter PH71/PH72
The PH71/PH72 pH and/or ORP meter is a Compact, Easy-to-use, Drip proof – Ideal for Field Use. Features "One-Touch Calibration" and Temperature Compensation. Laboratory-Grade Intelligent pH Meters – Sized and Priced to Fit in Your Pocket
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pH and ORP Analyzers
pH and ORP meters, analyzers and transmitters are used for continuous process monitoring of pH and ORP to ensure water/product quality, monitor effluent discharge, batch neutralization, pulp stock, scrubbers, cooling towers, chemical, water/wastewater treatment and many other applications.
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pH and ORP Sensors
pH electrodes and sensors are the sensing portions of a pH measurement. Various installation options including retractable, flow thru, immersion, and direct insertion. Proper pH electrode/sensor selection is critical for optimal measurement results.